This model is a heuristic device that encourages scholars to look integratively at variables that have been shown to impact health behavior. The HPM synthesizes research findings from nursing, psychology and public health into an explanatory model of health behavior that still must undergo further testing. Multiple variable models are needed to explain human health behavior.
The various health promotion strategies and tools that Dr. Pender have developed and presented in the three editions of Health Promotion in Nursing Practice as well as the undergirding HPM model can be used as a basis for structuring nursing protocols and interventions. Nurses in practice should focus on understanding and addressing variables that are most predictive of given health behaviors.

(Extracts taken from: Nola J. Pender Website/FAQ)
 

• Health Promotion Model. Dr. Pender's Website, University of Michigan.

• Health Promotion Model Pender’s FAQ

• Pender, Nola, J.  Health Promotion Unit – Course subject conducted at Monash University.

• Health Promotion Model - Chart  

• Bio-sketch,

• Health Promotion Model (HPM) Assumptions and Theoretical Propositions
   

• Nola J. Pender

• Pender, N. J.  (1975).  A conceptual model for preventive health behavior.  Nursing Outlook, 23(6), 385-390.

• Pender, N. J., Barlailas. V. H., Hayman, L., Rice, V. H., & Anderson, E. T.  (1992).  Health promotion and disease prevention: Toward excellence in nursing practice and education.  Nursing Outlook, 40(3), 106-112, 120.

• Ratner, P. A., Buttorff, J. L., Johnson, J. C., & Hayduk, L. A.  (1994).  The interaction effects of gender within the health promotion model.  Research in Nursing and Health, 17(5), 341-350.

• Murdaugh, C. L., & Parson, M. A.  (2002).  Health promotion in nursing practice.  Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall.