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Unpleasant symptoms
Elizabeth R. Lenz
Ph.D., R.N., FAAN
Dean and Professor
College of Nursing
Ohio State University |
Audrey G. Gift
PhD, RN, FAAN
Associate Dean for Research & Doctoral Programs
Professor |
Linda C. Pugh
PhD, RNC, FAAN
Dir Baccalaureate Program/Associate Professor
School of Nursing
Johns Hopkins University |
Frederick Suppe
PhD
Professor
Philosophy - University of Maryland at College Park
Nursing - University of Maryland at Baltimore
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In the theory of
unpleasant symptoms, three categories of variables are
identified as effecting the occurrence, intensity,
timing, distress level, and quality of symptoms: they
are physiological factors, psychological factors, and
situational factors. These factors overlap and affect
the patient and family (Lenz, Pugh, Milligan, Gift, &
Suppe, 1997). Physiological derangements are reflected
in, and may be diagnosed by the presence of unpleasant
symptoms. The aspects of physiologic factors may be
related to body function, pathology, trauma or surgery
(Lenz et al., 1997). Physiological factors are
measured and weighed by prognostication models and are
used to predict mortality. The psychological component
of the model includes the individual’s mental state,
reaction to illness, and degree of uncertainty and
knowledge about the symptoms and their meanings (Lenz
et al., 1997). |
Selected Publications:
- Lenz, E.R., Pugh, L.C., Milligan,
R.A., Gift, A.G. & Suppe, F. (1997). The
middle-range theory of unpleasant symptoms: An
update. Advances in Nursing Science. 19(3), 14-27.
- Lenz ER, Suppe F, Gift AG, Pugh
LC, Milligan RA. Collaborative development of
middle-range nursing theories: toward a theory of
unpleasant symptoms. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 1995
Mar;17(3):1-13.
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